Speech Transcript:

 To the Congress of the United States:

The constitutional duty which requires the President from time to
time to give to the Congress information of the state of the Union
and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient is fittingly entered upon by commending to
the Congress a careful examination of the detailed statements and
well-supported recommendations contained in the reports of the heads
of Departments, who are chiefly charged with the executive work of
the Government. In an effort to abridge this communication as much as
is consistent with its purpose I shall supplement a brief reference to
the contents of these departmental reports by the mention of such
executive business and incidents as are not embraced therein and by
such recommendations as appear to be at this particular time
appropriate.

While our foreign relations have not at all times during the past
year been entirely free from perplexity, no embarrassing situation
remains that will not yield to the spirit of fairness and love of
justice which, joined with consistent firmness, characterize a truly
American foreign policy.

My predecessor having accepted the office of arbitrator of the
long-standing Missions boundary dispute, tendered to the President by
the Argentine Republic and Brazil, it has been my agreeable duty to
receive the special envoys commissioned by those States to lay before
me evidence and arguments in behalf of their respective Governments.

The outbreak of domestic hostilities in the Republic of Brazil found
the United States alert to watch the interests of our citizens in
that country, with which we carry on important commerce. Several
vessels of our new Navy are now and for some time have been stationed
at Rio de Janeiro. The struggle being between the established
Government, which controls the machinery of administration, and with
which we maintain friendly relations, and certain officers of the
navy employing the vessels of their command in an attack upon the
national capital and chief seaport, and lacking as it does the
elements of divided administration, I have failed to see that the
insurgents can reasonably claim recognition as belligerents.

Thus far the position of our Government has been that of an attentive
but impartial observer of the unfortunate conflict. Emphasizing our
fixed policy of impartial neutrality in such a condition of affairs
as now exists, I deemed it necessary to disavow in a manner not to be
misunderstood the unauthorized action of our late naval commander in
those waters in saluting the revolted Brazilian admiral, being
indisposed to countenance an act calculated to give gratuitous
sanction to the local insurrection.

The convention between our Government and Chile having for its object
the settlement and adjustment of the demand of the two countries
against each other has been made effective by he organization of the
claims commission provided for. The two Governments failing to agree
upon the third member of the commission, the good offices of the
President of the Swiss Republic were invoked, as provided in the
treaty, and the selection of the Swiss representative in this country
to complete the organization was gratifying alike to the United States
and Chile.

The vexatious question of so-called legation asylum for offenders
against the state and its laws was presented anew in Chile by the
unauthorized action of the late United States minister in receiving
into his official residence two persons who had just failed in an
attempt at revolution and against whom criminal charges were pending
growing out of a former abortive disturbance. The doctrine of asylum
as applied to this case is not sanctioned by the best precedents, and
when allowed tends to encourage sedition and strife. Under no
circumstances can the representatives of this Government be
permitted, under the ill-defined fiction of extraterritoriality, to
interrupt the administration of criminal justice in the countries to
which they are accredited. A temperate demand having been made by the
Chilean Government for the correction of this conduct in the instance
mentioned, the minister was instructed no longer to harbor the
offenders.

The legislation of last year known as the Geary law, requiring the
registration of all Chinese laborers entitled to residence in the
United States and the deportation of all not complying with the
provisions of the act within the time prescribed, met with much
opposition from Chinamen in this country. Acting upon the advice of
eminent counsel that the law was unconstitutional, the great mass of
Chinese laborers, pending judicial inquiry as to its validity, in
good faith declined to apply for the certificates required by its
provisions. A test case upon proceeding by habeas corpus was brought
before the Supreme Court, and on May 15, 1893, a decision was made by
that tribunal sustaining the law.

It is believed that under the recent amendment of the act extending
the time for registration the Chinese laborers thereto entitled who
desire to reside in this country will now avail themselves of the
renewed privilege thus afforded of establishing by lawful procedure
their right to remain, and that thereby the necessity of enforced
deportation may to a great degree be avoided.

It has devolved upon the United States minister at Peking, as dean of
the diplomatic body, and in the absence of a representative of Sweden
and Norway, to press upon the Chinese Government reparation for the
recent murder of Swedish missionaries at Sung-pu. This question is of
vital interest to all countries whose citizens engage in missionary
work in the interior.

By Article XII of the general act of Brussels, signed July 2, 1890,
for the suppression of the slave trade and the restriction of certain
injurious commerce in the Independent State of the Kongo and in the
adjacent zone of central Africa, the United States and the other
signatory powers agreed to adopt appropriate means for the punishment
of persons selling arms and ammunition to the natives and for the
confiscation of the inhibited articles. It being the plain duty of
this Government to aid in suppressing the nefarious traffic,
impairing as it does the praiseworthy and civilizing efforts now in
progress in that region, I recommend that an act be passed
prohibiting the sale of arms and intoxicants to natives in the
regulated zone by our citizens.

Costa Rica has lately testified its friendliness by surrendering to
the United States, in the absence of a convention of extradition, but
upon duly submitted evidence of criminality, a noted fugitive from
justice. It is trusted that the negotiation of a treaty with that
country to meet recurring cases of this kind will soon be
accomplished. In my opinion treaties for reciprocal extradition
should be concluded with all those countries with which the United
States has not already conventional arrangements of that character.

I have deemed it fitting to express to the Governments of Costa Rica
and Colombia the kindly desire of the United States to see their
pending boundary dispute finally closed by arbitration in conformity
with the spirit of the treaty concluded between them some years ago.

Our relations with the French Republic continue to be intimate and
cordial. I sincerely hope that the extradition treaty with that
country, as amended by the Senate, will soon be operative.

While occasional questions affecting our naturalized citizens
returning to the land of their birth have arisen in our intercourse
with Germany, our relations with that country continue satisfactory.

The questions affecting our relations with Great Britain have been
treated in a spirit of friendliness.

Negotiations are in progress between the two Governments with a view
to such concurrent action as will make the award and regulations
agreed upon by the Bering Sea Tribunal of Arbitration practically
effective, and it is not doubted that Great Britain will cooperate
freely with this country for the accomplishment of that purpose.

The dispute growing out of the discriminating tolls imposed in the
Welland Canal upon cargoes of cereals bound to and from the lake
ports of the United States was adjusted by the substitution of a more
equitable schedule of charges, and my predecessor thereupon suspended
his proclamation imposing discriminating tolls upon British transit
through our canals.

A request for additions to the list of extraditable offenses covered
by the existing treaty between the two countries is under
consideration.

During the past year an American citizen employed in a subordinate
commercial position in Hayti, after suffering a protracted
imprisonment on an unfounded charge of smuggling, was finally
liberated on judicial examination. Upon urgent representation to the
Haytian Government a suitable indemnity was paid to the sufferer.

By a law of Hayti a sailing vessel, having discharged her cargo, is
refused clearance until the duties on such cargo have been paid. The
hardship of this measure upon American shipowners, who conduct the
bulk of the carrying trade of that country, has been insisted on with
a view of securing the removal of this cause of complaint.

Upon receiving authentic information of the firing upon an American
mail steamer touching at the port of Amapala because her captain
refused to deliver up a passenger in transit from Nicaragua to
Guatemala upon demand of the military authorities of Honduras, our
minister to that country, under instructions, protested against the
wanton act and demanded satisfaction. The Government of Honduras,
actuated by a sense of justice and in a spirit of the utmost
friendship, promptly disavowed the illegal conduct of its officers
and expressed sincere regret for the occurrence.

It is confidently anticipated that a satisfactory adjustment will
soon be reached of the questions arising out of the seizure and use
of American vessels by insurgents in Honduras and the subsequent
denial by the successful Government of commercial privileges to those
vessels on that account.

A notable part of the southeasterly coast of Liberia between the
Cavally and San Pedro rivers, which for nearly half a century has
been generally recognized as belonging to that Republic by cession
and purchase, has been claimed to be under the protectorate of France
in virtue of agreements entered into by the native tribes, over whom
Liberia's control has not been well maintained.

More recently negotiations between the Liberian representative and
the French Government resulted in the signature at Paris of a treaty
whereby as an adjustment certain Liberian territory is ceded to
France. This convention at last advices had not been ratified by the
Liberian Legislature and Executive.

Feeling a sympathetic interest in the fortunes of the little
Commonwealth, the establishment and development of which were largely
aided by the benevolence of our countrymen, and which constitutes the
only independently sovereign state on the west coast of Africa, this
Government has suggested to the French Government its earnest concern
lest territorial impairment in Liberia should take place without her
unconstrained consent.

Our relations with Mexico continue to be of that close and friendly
nature which should always characterize the intercourse of two
neighboring republics.

The work of relocating the monuments marking the boundary between the
two countries from Paso del Norte to the Pacific is now nearly
completed.

The commission recently organized under the conventions of 1884 and
1889 it is expected will speedily settle disputes growing out of the
shifting currents of the Rio Grande River east of E1 Paso.

Nicaragua has recently passed through two revolutions, the party at
first successful having in turn been displaced by another. Our newly
appointed minister by his timely good offices aided in a peaceful
adjustment of the controversy involved in the first conflict. The
large American interests established in that country in connection
with the Nicaragua Canal were not molested.

The canal company has unfortunately become financially seriously
embarrassed, but a generous treatment had been extended to it by the
Government of Nicaragua. The United States are especially interested
in the successful achievement of the vast undertaking this company
has in charge. That it should be accomplished under distinctively
American auspices, and its enjoyment assured not only to the vessels
of this country as a channel of communication between our Atlantic
and Pacific sea-boards, but to the ships of the world in the
interests of civilization, is a proposition which, in my judgment,
does not admit of question.

Guatemala has also been visited by the political vicissitudes which
have afflicted her Central American neighbors, but the dissolution of
its Legislature and the proclamation of a dictatorship have been
unattended with civil war.

An extradition treaty with Norway has recently been exchanged and
proclaimed.

The extradition treaty with Russia signed in March, 1887, and amended
and confirmed by the Senate in February last, was duly proclaimed last
June.

Led by a desire to compose differences and contribute to the
restoration of order in Samoa, which for some years previous had been
the scene of conflicting foreign pretensions and native strife, the
United States, departing from its policy consecrated by a century of
observance, entered four years ago into the treaty of Berlin, thereby
becoming jointly bound with England and Germany to establish and
maintain Malietoa Laupepa as King of Samoa. The treaty provided for a
foreign court of justice; a municipal council for the district of
Apia, with a foreign president thereof, authorized to advise the
King; a tribunal for the settlement of native and foreign land
titles, and a revenue system for the Kingdom. It entailed upon the
three powers that part of the cost of the new Government not met by
the revenue of the islands.

Early in the life of this triple protectorate the native dissensions
it was designed to quell revived. Rivals defied the authority of the
new King, refusing to pay taxes and demanding the election of a ruler
by native suffrage. Mataafa, an aspirant to the throne, and a large
number of his native adherents were in open rebellion on one of the
islands. Quite lately, at the request of the other powers and in
fulfillment of its treaty obligation, this Government agreed to unite
in a joint military movement of such dimensions as would probably
secure the surrender of the insurgents without bloodshed.

The war ship Philadelphia was accordingly put under orders for Samoa,
but before she arrived the threatened conflict was precipitated by
King Malietoa's attack upon the insurgent camp. Mataafa was defeated
and a number of his men killed. The British and German naval vessels
present subsequently secured the surrender of Mataafa and his
adherents. The defeated chief and ten of his principal supporters
were deported to a German island of the Marshall group, where they
are held as prisoners under the joint responsibility and cost of the
three powers.

This incident and the events leading up to it signally illustrate the
impolicy of entangling alliances with foreign powers.

More than fifteen years ago this Government preferred a claim against
Spain in behalf of one of our citizens for property seized and
confiscated in Cuba. In 1886 the claim was adjusted, Spain agreeing
to pay unconditionally, as a fair indemnity, $1,500,000. A respectful
but earnest note was recently addressed to the Spanish Government
insisting upon prompt fulfillment of its long-neglected obligation.

Other claims preferred by the United States against Spain in behalf
of American citizens for property confiscated in Cuba have been
pending for many years.

At the time Spain's title to the Caroline Islands was confirmed by
arbitration that Government agreed that the rights which had been
acquired there by American missionaries should be recognized and
respected. It is sincerely hoped that this pledge will be observed by
allowing our missionaries, who were removed from Ponape to a place of
safety by a United States war ship during the late troubles between
the Spanish garrison and the natives, to return to their field of
usefulness.

The reproduced caravel Santa Maria, built by Spain and sent to the
Columbian Exposition, has been presented to the United States in
token of amity and in commemoration of the event it was designed to
celebrate. I recommend that in accepting this gift Congress make
grateful recognition of the sincere friendship which prompted it.

Important matters have demanded attention in our relations with the
Ottoman Porte.

The firing and partial destruction by an unrestrained mob of one of
the school buildings of Anatolia College, established by citizens of
the United States at Marsovan, and the apparent indifference of the
Turkish Government to the outrage, notwithstanding the complicity of
some of its officials, called for earnest remonstrance, which was
followed by promise of reparation and punishment of the offenders.

Indemnity for the injury to the buildings has already been paid,
permission to rebuild given, registration of the school property in
the name of the American owners secured, and efficient protection
guaranteed.

Information received of maltreatment suffered by an inoffensive
American woman engaged in missionary work in Turkish Koordistan was
followed by such representations to the Porte as resulted in the
issuance of orders for the punishment of her assailants, the removal
of a delinquent official, and the adoption of measures for the
protection of our citizens engaged in mission and other lawful work
in that quarter.

Turkey complains that her Armenian subjects obtain citizenship in
this country not to identify themselves in good faith with our
people, but with the intention of returning to the land of their
birth and there engaging in sedition. This complaint is not wholly
without foundation. A journal published in this country in the
Armenian language openly counsels its readers to arm, organize, and
participate in movements for the subversion of Turkish authority in
the Asiatic provinces. The Ottoman Government has announced its
intention to expel from its dominions Armenians who have obtained
naturalization in the United States since 1868.

The right to exclude any or all classes of aliens is an attribute of
sovereignty. It is a right asserted and, to a limited extent,
enforced by the United States, with the sanction of our highest
court. There being no naturalization treaty between the United States
and Turkey, our minister at Constantinople has been instructed that,
while recognizing the right of that Government to enforce its
declared policy against naturalized Armenians, he is expected to
protect them from unnecessary harshness of treatment.

In view of the impaired financial resources of Venezuela consequent
upon the recent revolution there, a modified arrangement for the
satisfaction of the awards of the late revisory claims commission, in
progressive installments, has been assented to, and payments are being
regularly made thereunder.

The boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana is yet
unadjusted. A restoration of diplomatic intercourse between that
Republic and Great Britain and reference of the question to impartial
arbitration would be a most gratifying consummation.

The ratification by Venezuela of the convention for the arbitration
of the long-deferred claim of the Venezuelan Transportation Company
is awaited.

It is hardly necessary for me to state that the questions arising
from our relations with Hawaii have caused serious embarrassment.
Just prior to the installation of the present Administration the
existing Government of Hawaii had been suddenly overthrown and a
treaty of annexation had been negotiated between the Provisional
Government of the islands and the United States and submitted to the
Senate for ratification. This treaty I withdrew for examination and
dispatched Hon. James H. Blount, of Georgia, to Honolulu as a special
commissioner to make an impartial investigation of the circumstances
attending the change of government and of all the conditions bearing
upon the subject of the treaty. After a thorough and exhaustive
examination Mr. Blount submitted to me his report, showing beyond all
question that the constitutional Government of Hawaii had been
subverted with the active aid of our representative to that
Government and through the intimidation caused by the presence of an
armed naval force of the United States, which was landed for that
purpose at the instance of our minister. Upon the facts developed it
seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue
was to undo the wrong that had been done by those representing us and
to restore as far as practicable the status existing at the time of
our forcible intervention. With a view of accomplishing this result
within the constitutional limits of executive power, and recognizing
all our obligations and responsibilities growing out of any changed
conditions brought about by our unjustifiable interference, our
present minister at Honolulu has received appropriate instructions to
that end. Thus far no information of the accomplishment of any
definite results has been received from him.

Additional advices are soon expected. When received they will be
promptly sent to the Congress, together with all other information at
hand, accompanied by a special Executive message fully detailing all
the facts necessary to a complete understanding of the case and
presenting a history of all the material events leading up to the
present situation.

By a concurrent resolution passed by the Senate February 14, 1890,
and by the House of Representatives on the 3d of April following the
President was requested to "invite from time to time, as fit
occasions may arise, negotiations with any government with which the
United States has or may have diplomatic relations, to the end that
any differences or disputes arising between the two governments which
can not be adjusted by diplomatic agency may be referred to
arbitration and be peaceably adjusted by such means." April 18, 1890,
the International American Conference of Washington by resolution
expressed the wish that all controversies between the republics of
America and the nations of Europe might be settled by arbitration,
and recommended that the government of each nation represented in
that conference should communicate this wish to all friendly powers.
A favorable response has been received from Great Britain in the
shape of a resolution adopted by Parliament July 16 last, cordially
sympathizing with the purpose in view and expressing the hope that
Her Majesty's Government will lend ready cooperation to the
Government of the United States upon the basis of the concurrent
resolution above quoted.

It affords me signal pleasure to lay this parliamentary resolution
before the Congress and to express my sincere gratification that the
sentiment of two great and kindred nations is thus authoritatively
manifested in favor of the rational and peaceable settlement of
international quarrels by honorable resort to arbitration.

Since the-passage of the act of March 3, 1893, authorizing the
President to raise the grade of our envoys to correspond with the
rank in which foreign countries accredit their agents here, Great
Britain, France, Italy, and Germany have conferred upon their
representatives at this capital the title of ambassador, and I have
responded by accrediting the agents of the United States in those
countries with the same title. A like elevation of mission is
announced by Russia, and when made will be similarly met. This step
fittingly comports with the position the United States hold in the
family of nations.

During my former Administration I took occasion to recommend a recast
of the laws relating to the consular service, in order that it might
become a more efficient agency in the promotion of the interests it
was intended to subserve. The duties and powers of consuls have been
expanded with the growing requirements of our foreign trade.
Discharging important duties affecting our commerce and American
citizens abroad, and in certain countries exercising judicial
functions, these officers should be men of character, intelligence,
and ability.

Upon proof that the legislation of Denmark secures copyright to
American citizens on equal footing with its own, the privileges of
our copyright laws have been extended by proclamation to subjects of
that country.

The Secretary of the Treasury reports that the receipts of the
Government from all sources during the fiscal year ended June 30,
1893, amounted to $461,716,561.94 and its expenditures to
$459,374,674.29. There was collected from customs $205,355,016.73 and
from internal revenue $161,027,623.93. Our dutiable imports amounted
to $421,856,711, an increase of $52,453,907 over the preceding year,
and importations free of duty amounted to $444,544,211, a decrease
from the preceding year of $13,455,447. Internal-revenue receipts
exceeded those of the preceding year by $7,147,445.32. The total tax
collected on distilled spirits was $94,720,260.55, on manufactured
tobacco $31,889,711.74, and on fermented liquors $32,548,983.07. We
exported merchandise during the year amounting to $847,665,194, a
decrease of $182,612,954 from the preceding year. The amount of gold
exported was larger than any previous year in the history of the
Government, amounting to $108,680,844, and exceeding the amount
exported during the preceding year by$58,485,517.

The sum paid from the Treasury for sugar bounty was $9,375,130.88, an
increase over the preceding year of $2,033,053.09.

It is estimated upon the basis of present revenue laws that the
receipts of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1894, will be
$430,121,365.38 and its expenditures $458,121,365.28, resulting in a
deficiency of $28,000,000.

On the 1st day of November, 1893, the amount of money of all kinds in
circulation, or not included in Treasury holdings, was $1,718,544,682,
an increase for the year of $112,404,947. Estimating our population at
67,426,000 at the time mentioned, the per capita circulation was
$25.49. On the same date there was in the Treasury gold bullion
amounting to $96,657,273 and silver bullion which was purchased at a
cost of $126,261,553.

The purchases of silver under the law of July 14, 1890, during the
last fiscal year aggregated 54,008,162.59 fine ounces, which cost
$45,531,374.53. The total amount of silver purchased from the time
that law became operative until the repeal of its purchasing clause,
on the 1st day of November, 1893, was 168,674,590.46 fine ounces,
which cost $155,930,940.84. Between the 1st day of March, 1873, and
the 1st day of November, 1893, the Government purchased under all
laws 503,003,717 fine ounces of silver, at a cost of $516,622,948.
The silver dollars that have been coined under the act of July 14,
1890, number 36,087,285. The seigniorage arising from such coinage
was $6,977,098.39, leaving on hand in the mints 140,699,760 fine
ounces of silver, which cost $126,758,218.

Our total coinage of all metals during the last fiscal year consisted
of 97,280,875 pieces, valued at $43,685,178.80, of which there was
$30,038,140 in gold coin, $5,343,715 in silver dollars, $7,217,220.90
in subsidiary silver coin, and $1,086,102.90 in minor coins.

During the calendar year 1892 the production of precious metals in
the United States was estimated to be 1,596,375 fine ounces of gold
of the commercial and coinage value of $33,000,000 and 58,000,000
fine ounces of silver of the bullion or market value of $50,750,000
and of the coinage value of $74,989,900.

It is estimated that on the 1st day of July, 1893, the metallic stock
of money in the United States, consisting of coin and bullion,
amounted to $1,213,559,169, of which $597,697,685 was gold and
$615,861,484 was silver.

One hundred and nineteen national banks were organized during the
year ending October 31, 1893, with a capital of $11,230,000.
Forty-six went into voluntary liquidation and 158 suspended.
Sixty-five of the suspended banks were insolvent, 86 resumed
business, and 7 remain in the hands of the bank examiners, with
prospects of speedy resumption. Of the new banks organized, 44 were
located in the Eastern States, 41 west of the Mississippi River, and
34 in the Central and Southern States. The total number of national
banks in existence on October 31, 1893, was 3,796, having an
aggregate capital of $695,558,120. The net increase in the
circulation of these banks during the year was $36,886,972.

The recent repeal of the provision of law requiring the purchase of
silver bullion by the Government as a feature of our monetary scheme
has made an entire change in the complexion of our currency affairs.
I do not doubt that the ultimate result of this action will be most
salutary and far-reaching. In the nature of things, however, it is
impossible to know at this time precisely what conditions will be
brought about by the change, or what, if any, supplementary
legislation may in the light of such conditions appear to be
essential or expedient. Of course, after the recent financial
perturbation, time is necessary for the reestablishment of business
confidence. When, however, through this restored confidence, the
money which has been frightened into hoarding places is returned to
trade and enterprise, a survey of the situation will probably
disclose a safe path leading to a permanently sound currency,
abundantly sufficient to meet every requirement of our increasing
population and business.

In the pursuit of this object we should resolutely turn away from
alluring and temporary expedients, determined to be content with
nothing less than a lasting and comprehensive financial plan. In
these circumstances I am convinced that a reasonable delay in dealing
with this subject, instead of being injurious, will increase the
probability of wise action.

The monetary conference which assembled at Brussels upon our
invitation was adjourned to the 30th day of November of the present
year. The considerations just stated and the fact that a definite
proposition from us seemed to be expected upon the reassembling of
the conference led me to express a willingness to have the meeting
still further postponed.

It seems to me that it would be wise to give general authority to the
President to invite other nations to such a conference at any time
when there should be a fair prospect of accomplishing an
international agreement on the subject of coinage.

I desire also to earnestly suggest the wisdom of amending the
existing statutes in regard to the issuance of Government bonds. The
authority now vested in the Secretary of the Treasury to issue bonds
is not as clear as it should be, and the bonds authorized are
disadvantageous to the Government both as to the time of their
maturity and rate of interest.

The Superintendent of Immigration, through the Secretary of the
Treasury, reports that during the last fiscal year there arrived at
our ports 440,793 immigrants. Of these, 1,063 were not permitted to
land under the limitations of the law and 577 were returned to the
countries from whence they came by reason of their having become
public charges. The total arrivals were 141,034 less than for the
previous year.

The Secretary in his report gives an account of the operation of the
Marine-Hospital Service and of the good work done under its
supervision in preventing the entrance and spread of contagious
diseases.

The admonitions of the last two years touching our public health and
the demonstrated danger of the introduction of contagious diseases
from foreign ports have invested the subject of national quarantine
with increased interest. A more general and harmonious system than
now exists, acting promptly and directly everywhere and constantly
operating by preventive means to shield our country from the invasion
of disease, and at the same time having due regard to the rights and
duties of local agencies, would, I believe, add greatly to the safety
of our people.

The Secretary of War reports that the strength of the Army on the
30th day of September last was 25,778 enlisted men and 2,144
officers.

The total expenditures of the Department for the year ending June 30,
1893, amounted to $51,966,074.89. Of this sum $1,992,581.95 was for
salaries and contingent expenses, $23,377,828.35 for the support of
the military establishment, $6,077,033.18 for miscellaneous objects,
and 518,631.41 for public works. This latter sum includes
$15,296,876.46 for river and harbor improvements and $3,266,141.20
for fortifications and other works of defense.

The total enrollment of the militia of the several States was on the
31st of October of the current year 112,597 officers and enlisted
men. The officers of the Army detailed for the inspection and
instruction of this reserve of our military force report that
increased interest and marked progress are apparent in the discipline
and efficiency of the organization.

Neither Indian outbreaks nor domestic violence have called the Army
into service during the year, and the only active military duty
required of it has been in the Department of Texas, where violations
of the neutrality laws of the United States and Mexico were promptly
and efficiently dealt with by the troops, eliciting the warm approval
of the civil and military authorities of both countries.

The operation of wise laws and the influences of civilization
constantly tending to relieve the country from the dangers of Indian
hostilities, together with the increasing ability of the States,
through the efficiency of the National Guard organizations, to
protect their citizens from domestic violence, lead to the suggestion
that the time is fast approaching when there should be a
reorganization of our Army on the lines of the present necessities of
the country. This change contemplates neither increase in number nor
added expense, but a redistribution of the force and an encouragement
of measures tending to greater efficiency among the men and
improvement of the service.

The adoption of battalion formations for infantry regiments, the
strengthening of the artillery force, the abandonment of smaller and
unnecessary posts, and the massing of the troops at important and
accessible stations all promise to promote the usefulness of the
Army. In the judgment of army officers, with but few exceptions, the
operation of the law forbidding the reenlistment of men after ten
years' service has not proved its wisdom, and while the arguments
that led to its adoption were not without merit the experience of the
year constrains me to join in the recommendation for its repeal.

It is gratifying to note that we have begun to attain completed
results in the comprehensive scheme of seacoast defense and
fortification entered upon eight years ago. A large sum has been
already expended, but the cost of maintenance will be inconsiderable
as compared with the expense of construction and ordnance. At the end
of the current calendar year the War Department will have nine 12-inch
guns, twenty 10-inch, and thirty-four 8-inch guns ready to be mounted
on gun lifts and carriages, and seventy-five 12-inch mortars. In
addition to the product of the Army Gun Factory, now completed at
Watervliet, the Government has contracted with private parties for
the purchase of one hundred guns of these calibers, the first of
which should be delivered to the Department for test before July 1,
1894.

The manufacture of heavy ordnance keeps pace with current needs, but
to render these guns available for the purposes they are designed to
meet emplacements must be prepared for them. Progress has been made
in this direction, and it is desirable that Congress by adequate
appropriations should provide for the uninterrupted prosecution of
this necessary work.

After much preliminary work and exhaustive examination in accordance
with the requirements of the law, the board appointed to select a
magazine rifle of modern type with which to replace the obsolete
Springfield rifle of the infantry service completed its labors during
the last year, and the work of manufacture is now in progress at the
national armory at Springfield. It is confidently expected that by
the end of the current year our infantry will be supplied with a
weapon equal to that of the most progressive armies of the world.

The work on the projected Chickamauga and Chattanooga National
Military Park has been prosecuted with zeal and judgment, and its
opening will be celebrated during the coming year. Over 9 square
miles of the Chickamauga battlefield have been acquired, 25 miles of
roadway have been constructed, and permanent tablets have been placed
at many historical points, while the invitation to the States to mark
the positions of their troops participating in the battle has been
very generally accepted.

The work of locating and preserving the lines of battle at the
Gettysburg battlefield is making satisfactory progress on the plans
directed by the last Congress.

The reports of the Military Academy at West Point and the several
schools for special instruction of officers show marked advance in
the education of the Army and a commendable ambition among its
officers to excel in the military profession and to fit themselves
for the highest service to the country.

Under the supervision of Adjutant-General Robert Williams, lately
retired, the Bureau of Military Information has become well
established and is performing a service that will put in possession
of the Government in time of war most valuable information, and at
all times serve a purpose of great utility in keeping the Army
advised of the world's progress in all matters pertaining to the art
of war.

The report of the Attorney-General contains the usual summary of the
affairs and proceedings of the Department of Justice for the past
year, together with certain recommendations as to needed legislation
on various subjects. I can not too heartily indorse the proposition
that the fee system as applicable to the compensation of United
States attorneys, marshals, clerks of Federal courts, and United
States commissioners should be abolished with as little delay as
possible. It is clearly in the interest of the community that the
business of the courts, both civil and criminal, shall be as small
and as inexpensively transacted as the ends of justice will allow.

The system is therefore thoroughly vicious which makes the
compensation of court officials depend upon the volume of such
business, and thus creates a conflict between a proper execution of
the law and private gain, which can not fail to be dangerous to the
rights and freedom of the citizen and an irresistible temptation to
the unjustifiable expenditure of public funds. If in addition to this
reform another was inaugurated which would give to United States
commissioners the final disposition of petty offenses within the
grade of misdemeanors, especially those coming under the
internal-revenue laws, a great advance would be made toward a more
decent administration of the criminal law.

In my first message to Congress, dated December 8, 1885, I strongly
recommended these changes and referred somewhat at length to the
evils of the present system. Since that time the criminal business of
the Federal courts and the expense attending it have enormously
increased. The number of criminal prosecutions pending in the circuit
and district courts of the United States on the 1st day of July, 1885,
was 3,808, of which 1,884 were for violations of the internal-revenue
laws, while the number of such prosecutions pending on the 1st day of
July, 1893, was 9,500, of which 4,200 were for violations of the
internal-revenue laws. The expense of the United States courts,
exclusive of judges' salaries, for the year ending July 1, 1885, was
$2,874,733.11 and for the year ending July 1, 1893, $4,528,676.87.

It is therefore apparent that the reasons given in 1885 for a change
in the manner of enforcing the Federal criminal law have gained
cogency and strength by lapse of time.

I also heartily join the Attorney-General in recommending legislation
fixing degrees of the crime of murder within Federal jurisdiction, as
has been done in many of the States; authorizing writs of error on
behalf of the Government in cases where final judgment is rendered
against the sufficiency of an indictment or against the Government
upon any other question arising before actual trial; limiting the
right of review in cases of felony punishable only by fine and
imprisonment to the circuit court of appeals, and making speedy
provision for the construction of such prisons and reformatories as
may be necessary for the confinement of United States convicts.

The report of the Postmaster-General contains a detailed statement of
the operations of the Post-Office Department during the last fiscal
year and much interesting information touching this important branch
of the public service.

The business of the mails indicates with absolute certainty the
condition of the business of the country, and depression in financial
affairs inevitably and quickly reduces the postal revenues. Therefore
a larger discrepancy than usual between the post-office receipts and
expenditures is the expected and unavoidable result of the
distressing stringency which has prevailed throughout the country
during much of the time covered by the Postmaster-General's report.
At a date when better times were anticipated it was estimated by his
predecessor that the deficiency on the 30th day of June, 1893, would
be but a little over a million and a half dollars. It amounted,
however, to more than five millions. At the same time and under the
influence of like anticipations estimates were made for the current
fiscal year, ending June 30, 1894, which exhibited a surplus of
revenue over expenditures of $872,245.71; but now, in view of the
actual receipts and expenditures during that part of the current
fiscal year already expired, the present Postmaster-General estimates
that at its close instead of a surplus there will be a deficiency of
nearly $8,000,000.

The post-office receipts for the last fiscal year amounted to
$75,896,933.16 and its expenditures to $81,074,104.90. This
post-office deficiency would disappear or be immensely decreased if
less matter were carried free through the mails, an item of which is
upward of 300 tons of seeds and grain from the Agricultural
Department.

The total number of post-offices in the United States on the 30th day
of June, 1893, was 68,403, an increase of 1,284 over the preceding
year. Of these, 3,360 were Presidential, an increase in that class of
204 over the preceding year.

Forty-two free-delivery offices were added during the year to those
already existing, making a total of 610 cities and towns provided
with free delivery on June 30, 1893. Ninety-three other cities and
towns are now entitled to this service under the law, but it has not
been accorded them on account of insufficient funds to meet the
expenses of its establishment.

I am decidedly of the opinion that the provisions of the present law
permit as general an introduction of this feature of mail service as
is necessary or justifiable, and that it ought not to be extended to
smaller communities than are now designated.

The expenses of free delivery for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1894, will be more than $11,000,000, and under legislation now
existing there must be a constant increase in this item of
expenditure.

There were 6,401 additions to the domestic money-order offices during
the last fiscal year, being the largest increase in any year since the
inauguration of the system. The total number of these offices at the
close of the year was 18,434. There were 13,309,735 money orders
issued from these offices, being an increase over the preceding year
of 1,240,293, and the value of these orders amounted to
$127,576,433.65, an increase of $7,509,632.58. There were also issued
during the year postal notes amounting to $12,903,076.73.

During the year 195 international money-order offices were added to
those already provided, making a total of 2,407 in operation on June
30, 1893. The number of international money orders issued during the
year was 1,055,999, an increase over the preceding year of 72,525,
and their value was $16,341,837.86, an increase of $2,221,506.31. The
number of orders paid was 300,917, an increase over the preceding year
of 13,503, and their value was $5,283,375.70, an increase of
$94,094.83.

From the foregoing statements it appears that the total issue of
money orders and postal notes for the year amounted to
$156,822,348.24.

The number of letters and packages mailed during the year for special
delivery was 3,375,693, an increase over the preceding year of nearly
22 per cent. The special-delivery stamps used upon these letters and
packages amounted to $337,569.30, and the messengers' fees paid for
their delivery amounted to $256,592.71, leaving a profit to the
Government of $80,976.59.

The Railway Mail Service not only adds to the promptness of mail
delivery at all offices, but it is the especial instrumentality which
puts the smaller and way places in the service on an equality in that
regard with the larger and terminal offices. This branch of the
postal service has therefore received much attention from the
Postmaster-General, and though it is gratifying to know that it is in
a condition of high efficiency and great usefulness, I am led to agree
with the Postmaster-General that there is room for its further
improvement.

There are now connected to the Post-Office establishment 28,324
employees who are in the classified service. The head of this great
Department gives conclusive evidence of the value of civil-service
reform when, after an experience that renders his judgment on the
subject absolutely reliable, he expresses the opinion that without
the benefit of this system it would be impossible to conduct the vast
business intrusted to him.

I desire to commend as especially worthy of prompt attention the
suggestions of the Postmaster-General relating to a more sensible and
business like organization and a better distribution of responsibility
in his Department.

The report of the Secretary of the Navy contains a history of the
operations of his Department during the past year and exhibits a most
gratifying condition of the personnel of our Navy. He presents a
satisfactory account of the progress which has been made in the
construction of vessels and makes a number of recommendations to
which attention is especially invited.

During the past six months the demands for cruising vessels have been
many and urgent. There have been revolutions calling for vessels to
protect American interests in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Honduras, Argentina, and Brazil, while the condition of affairs in
Honolulu has required the constant presence of one or more ships.
With all these calls upon our Navy it became necessary, in order to
make up a sufficient fleet to patrol the Bering Sea under the modus
vivendi agreed upon with Great Britain, to detail to that service one
vessel from the Fish Commission and three from the Revenue Marine.

Progress in the construction of new vessels has not been as rapid as
was anticipated. There have been delays in the completion of
unarmored vessels, but for the most part they have been such as are
constantly occurring even in countries having the largest experience
in naval shipbuilding. The most serious delays, however, have been in
the work upon armored ships. The trouble has been the failure of
contractors to deliver armor as agreed. The difficulties seem now,
however, to have been all overcome, and armor is being delivered with
satisfactory promptness. As a result of the experience acquired by
shipbuilders and designers and material men, it is believed that the
dates when vessels will be completed can now be estimated with
reasonable accuracy. Great guns, rapid-fire guns, torpedoes, and
powder are being promptly supplied.

The following vessels of the new Navy have been completed and are now
ready for service: The double-turreted coast-defense monitor
Miantonomoh, the double-turreted coast-defense monitor Monterey, the
armored cruiser New York, the protected cruisers Baltimore, Chicago,
Philadelphia, Newark, San Francisco, Charleston, Atlanta, and Boston,
the cruiser Detroit, the gunboats Yorktown, Concord, Bennington,
Machias, Castine, and Petrel, the dispatch vessel Dolphin, the
practice vessel Bancroft, and the dynamite gunboat Vesuvius. Of these
the Bancroft, Machias, Detroit, and Castine have been placed in
commission during the current calendar year.

The following vessels are in process of construction: The
second-class battle ships Maine and Texas, the cruisers Montgomery
and Marblehead, and the coast-defense monitors Terror, Puritan,
Amphitrite, and Monadnock, all of which will be completed within one
year; the harbor-defense ram Katahdin and the protected cruisers
Columbia, Minneapolis, Olympia, Cincinnati, and Raleigh, all of which
will be completed prior to July 1, 1895; the first-class battle ships
Iowa, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Oregon, which will be completed
February 1, 1896, and the armored cruiser Brooklyn, which will be
completed by August 1 of that year. It is also expected that the
three gunboats authorized by the last Congress will be completed in
less than two years.

Since 1886 Congress has at each session authorized the building of
one or more vessels, and the Secretary of the Navy presents an
earnest plea for the continuance of this plan. He recommends the
authorization of at least one battle ship and six torpedo boats.

While I am distinctly in favor of consistently pursuing the policy we
have inaugurated of building up a thorough and efficient Navy, I can
not refrain from the suggestion that the Congress should carefully
take into account the number of unfinished vessels on our hands and
the depleted condition of our Treasury in considering the propriety
of an appropriation at this time to begin new work.

The method of employing mechanical labor at navy-yards through boards
of labor and making efficiency the sole test by which laborers are
employed and continued is producing the best results, and the
Secretary is earnestly devoting himself to its development. Attention
is invited to the statements of his report in regard to the workings
of the system.

The Secretary of the Interior has the supervision of so many
important subjects that his report is of especial value and
interest.

On the 30th day of June, 1893, there were on the pension rolls
966,012 names, an increase of 89,944 over the number on the rolls
June 30, 1892. Of these there were 17 widows and daughters of
Revolutionary soldiers, 86 survivors of the War of 1812, 5,425 widows
of soldiers of that war, 21,518 survivors and widows of the Mexican
War, 3,882 survivors and widows of Indian wars, 284 army nurses. and
475,645 survivors and widows and children of deceased soldiers and
sailors of the War of the Rebellion. The latter number represents
those pensioned on account of disabilities or death resulting from
army and navy service. The number of persons remaining on the rolls
June 30, 1893, who were pensioned under the act of June 27, 1890,
which allows pensions on account of death and disability not
chargeable to army service, was 459,155.

The number added to the rolls during the year was 123,634 and the
number dropped was 33,690. The first payments on pensions allowed
during the year amounted to $33,756,549.98. This includes arrears, or
the accumulation between the time from which the allowance of pension
dates and the time of actually granting the certificate.

Although the law of 1890 permits pensions for disabilities not
related to military service, yet as a requisite to its benefits a
disability must exist incapacitating applicants "from the performance
of manual labor to such a degree as to render them unable to earn a
support." The execution of this law in its early stages does not seem
to have been in accord with its true intention, but toward the close
of the last Administration an authoritative construction was given to
the statute, and since that time this construction has been followed.
This has had the effect of limiting the operation of the law to its
intended purpose. The discovery having been made that many names had
been put upon the pension roll by means of wholesale and gigantic
frauds, the Commissioner suspended payments upon a number of pensions
which seemed to be fraudulent or unauthorized pending a complete
examination, giving notice to the pensioners, in order that they
might have an opportunity to establish, if possible, the justice of
their claims notwithstanding apparent invalidity.

This, I understand, is the practice which has for a long time
prevailed in the Pension Bureau; but after entering upon these recent
investigations the Commissioner modified this rule so as not to allow
until after a complete examination interference with the payment of a
pension apparently not altogether void, but which merely had been
fixed at a rate higher than that authorized by law.

I am unable to understand why frauds in the pension rolls should not
be exposed and corrected with thoroughness and vigor. Every name
fraudulently put upon these rolls is a wicked imposition upon the
kindly sentiment in which pensions have their origin; every
fraudulent pensioner has become a bad citizen; every false oath in
support of a pension has made perjury more common, and false and
undeserving pensioners rob the people not only of their money, but of
the patriotic sentiment which the survivors of a war fought for the
preservation of the Union ought to inspire. Thousands of
neighborhoods have their well-known fraudulent pensioners, and recent
developments by the Bureau establish appalling conspiracies to
accomplish pension frauds. By no means the least wrong done is to
brave and deserving pensioners, who certainly ought not to be
condemned to such association.

Those who attempt in the line of duty to rectify these wrongs should
not be accused of enmity or indifference to the claims of honest
veterans. The sum expended on account of pensions for the year ending
June 30, 1893, was $156,740,467.14.

The Commissioner estimates that $165,000,000 will be required to pay
pensions during the year ending June 30, 1894.

The condition of the Indians and their ultimate fate are subjects
which are related to a sacred duty of the Government and which
strongly appeal to the sense of justice and the sympathy of our
people.

Our Indians number about 248,000. Most of them are located on 161
reservations, containing 86,116,531 acres of land. About 110,000 of
these Indians have to a large degree adopted civilized customs. Lands
in severalty have been allotted to many of them. Such allotments have
been made to 10,000 individuals during the last fiscal year,
embracing about 1,000,000 acres. The number of Indian Government
schools opened during the year was 195, an increase of 12 over the
preceding year. Of this total 170 were on reservations, of which 73
were boarding schools and 97 were day schools. Twenty boarding
schools and 5 day schools supported by the Government were not
located on reservations. The total number of Indian children enrolled
during the year as attendants of all schools was 21,138, an increase
of 1,231 over the enrollment for the previous year.

I am sure that secular education and moral and religious teaching
must be important factors in any effort to save the Indian and lead
him to civilization. I believe, too, that the relinquishment of
tribal relations and the holding of land in severalty may in
favorable conditions aid this consummation. It seems to me, however,
that allotments of land in severalty ought to be made with great care
and circumspection. If hastily done, before the Indian knows its
meaning, while yet he has little or no idea of tilling a farm and no
conception of thrift, there is great danger that a reservation life
in tribal relations may be exchanged for the pauperism of
civilization instead of its independence and elevation.

The solution of the Indian problem depends very largely upon good
administration. The personal fitness of agents and their adaptability
to the peculiar duty of caring for their wards are of the utmost
importance.

The law providing that, except in special cases, army officers shall
be detailed as Indian agents it is hoped will prove a successful
experiment.

There is danger of great abuses creeping into the prosecution of
claims for Indian depredations, and I recommend that every possible
safeguard be provided against the enforcement of unjust and
fictitious claims of this description.

The appropriations on account of the Indian Bureau for the year
ending June 30, 1894, amount to $7,954,962.99, a decrease as compared
with the year preceding it of $387,131.95.

The vast area of land which but a short time ago constituted the
public domain is rapidly falling into private hands. It is certain
that in the transfer the beneficent intention of the Government to
supply from its domain homes to the industrious and worthy home
seekers is often frustrated. Though the speculator, who stands with
extortionate purpose between the land office and those who, with
their families, are invited by the Government to settle on the public
lands, is a despicable character who ought not to be tolerated, yet it
is difficult to thwart his schemes. The recent opening to settlement
of the lands in the Cherokee Outlet, embracing an area of 6,500,000
acres, notwithstanding the utmost care in framing the regulations
governing the selection of locations and notwithstanding the presence
of United States troops, furnished an exhibition, though perhaps in a
modified degree, of the mad scramble, the violence, and the
fraudulent occupation which have accompanied previous openings of
public land.

I concur with the Secretary in the belief that these outrageous
incidents can not be entirely prevented without a change in the laws
on the subject, and I hope his recommendations in that direction will
be favorably considered.

I especially commend to the attention of the Congress the statements
contained in the Secretary's report concerning forestry. The time has
come when efficient measures should be taken for the preservation of
our forests from indiscriminate and remediless destruction.

The report of the Secretary of Agriculture will be found exceedingly
interesting, especially to that large part of our citizens intimately
concerned in agricultural occupations.

On the 7th day of March, 1893, there were upon its pay rolls 2,430
employees. This number has been reduced to 1,850 persons. In view of
a depleted public Treasury and the imperative demand of the people
for economy in the administration of their Government, the Secretary
has entered upon the task of rationally reducing expenditures by the
elimination from the pay rolls of all persons not needed for an
efficient conduct of the affairs of the Department.

During the first quarter of the present year the expenses of the
Department aggregated $345,876.76, as against $402,012.42 for the
corresponding period of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893. The
Secretary makes apparent his intention to continue this rate of
reduction by submitting estimates for the next fiscal year less by
$994,280 than those for the present year.

Among the heads of divisions in this Department the changes have been
exceedingly few. Three vacancies occurring from death and resignations
have been filled by the promotion of assistants in the same
divisions.

These promotions of experienced and faithful assistants have not only
been in the interest of efficient work, but have suggested to those in
the Department who look for retention and promotion that merit and
devotion to duty are their best reliance.

The amount appropriated for the Bureau of Animal Industry for the
current fiscal year is $850,000. The estimate for the ensuing year is
$700,000.

The regulations of 1892 concerning Texas fever have been enforced
during the last year and the large stock yards of the country have
been kept free from infection. Occasional local outbreaks have been
largely such as could have been effectually guarded against by the
owners of the affected cattle.

While contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle has been eradicated,
animal tuberculosis, a disease widespread and more dangerous to human
life than pleuro-pneumonia, is still prevalent. Investigations have
been made during the past year as to the means of its communication
and the method of its correct diagnosis. Much progress has been made
in this direction by the studies of the division of animal pathology,
but work ought to be extended, in cooperation with local authorities,
until the danger to human life arising from this cause is reduced to
a minimum.

The number of animals arriving from Canada during the year and
inspected by Bureau officers was 462,092, and the number from
transatlantic countries was 1,297. No contagious diseases were found
among the imported animals.

The total number of inspections of cattle for export during the past
fiscal year was 611,542. The exports show a falling off of about 25
per cent from the preceding year, the decrease occurring entirely in
the last half of the year. This suggests that the falling off may
have been largely due to an increase in the price of American export
cattle.

During the year ending June 30, 1893, exports of inspected pork
aggregated 10,677,410 pounds, as against 38,152,874 pounds for the
preceding year. The falling off in this export was not confined,
however, to inspected pork, the total quantity exported for 1892
being 665,490,616 pounds, while in 1893 it was only 527,308,695
pounds.

I join the Secretary in recommending that hereafter each applicant
for the position of inspector or assistant inspector in the Bureau of
Animal Industry be required, as a condition precedent to his
appointment, to exhibit to the United States Civil Service Commission
his diploma from an established, regular, and reputable veterinary
college, and that this be supplemented by such an examination in
veterinary science as the Commission may prescribe.

The exports of agricultural products from the United States for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, attained the enormous figure of
$800,000,000, in round numbers, being 78.7 per cent of our total
exports. In the last fiscal year this aggregate was greatly reduced,
but nevertheless reached 615,000,000, being 75.1 per cent of all
American commodities exported.

A review of our agricultural exports with special reference to their
destination will show that in almost every line the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland absorbs by far the largest proportion. Of
cattle the total exports aggregated in value for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1893, $26,000,000, of which Great Britain took
considerably over $25,000,000. Of beef products of all kinds our
total exports were $28,000,000, of which Great Britain took
$24,000,000. Of pork products the total exports were $84,000,000, of
which Great Britain took $53,000,000. In breadstuffs, cotton, and
minor products like proportions sent to the same destination are
shown.

The work of the statistical division of the Department of Agriculture
deals with all that relates to the economics of farming.

The main purpose of its monthly reports is to keep the farmers
informed as fully as possible of all matters having any influence
upon the world's markets, in which their products find sale. Its
publications relate especially to the commercial side of farming.

It is therefore of profound importance and vital concern to the
farmers of the United States, who represent nearly one-half of our
population, and also of direct interest to the whole country, that
the work of this division be efficiently performed and that the
information it has gathered be promptly diffused.

It is a matter for congratulation to know that the Secretary will not
spare any effort to make this part of his work thoroughly useful.

In the year 1839 the Congress appropriated $1,000, to be taken from
the Patent Office funds, for the purpose of collecting and
distributing rare and improved varieties of seeds and for prosecuting
agricultural investigations and procuring agricultural statistics.
From this small beginning the seed division of the Department of
Agriculture has grown to its present unwieldy and unjustifiably
extravagant proportions.

During the last fiscal year the cost of seeds purchased was
$66,548.61. The remainder of an appropriation of $135,000 was
expended in putting them up and distributing them. It surely never
could have entered the minds of those who first sanct