Speech Transcript:

Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Senate and the House
of Representatives:

I wish each and every one of you a very happy New Year.

As the Congress reassembles, the impact of war abroad makes it
natural to approach "the state of the union" through a discussion of
foreign affairs.

But it is important that those who hear and read this message should
in no way confuse that approach with any thought that our Government
is abandoning, or even overlooking, the great significance of its
domestic policies.

The social and economic forces which have been mismanaged abroad
until they have resulted in revolution, dictatorship and war are the
same as those which we here are struggling to adjust peacefully at
home.

You are well aware that dictatorships--and the philosophy of force
that justifies and accompanies dictatorships--have originated in
almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve
internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason
or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands.

It was with far-sighted wisdom that the framers of our Constitution
brought together in one magnificent phrase three great
concepts--"common defense," "general welfare" and "domestic
tranquility."

More than a century and a half later we, who are here today, still
believe with them that our best defense is the promotion of our
general welfare and domestic tranquillity.

In previous messages to the Congress I have repeatedly warned that,
whether we like it or not, the daily lives of American citizens will,
of necessity, feel the shock of events on other continents. This is no
longer mere theory; because it has been definitely proved to us by the
facts of yesterday and today.

To say that the domestic well-being of one hundred and thirty million
Americans is deeply affected by the well-being or the ill-being of the
populations of other nations is only to recognize in world affairs the
truth that we all accept in home affairs.

If in any local unit--a city, county, State or region--low standards
of living are permitted to continue, the level of the civilization of
the entire nation will be pulled downward.

The identical principle extends to the rest of the civilized world.
But there are those who wishfully insist, in innocence or ignorance
or both, that the United States of America as a self-contained unit
can live happily and prosperously, its future secure, inside a high
wall of isolation while, outside, the rest of Civilization and the
commerce and culture of mankind are shattered.

I can understand the feelings of those who warn the nation that they
will never again consent to the sending of American youth to fight on
the soil of Europe. But, as I remember, nobody has asked them to
consent--for nobody expects such an undertaking.

The overwhelming majority of our fellow citizens do not abandon in
the slightest their hope and their expectation that the United States
will not become involved in military participation in these wars.

I can also understand the wishfulness of those who oversimplify the
whole situation by repeating that all we have to do is to mind our
own business and keep the nation out of war. But there is a vast
difference between keeping out of war and pretending that this war is
none of our business.

We do not have to go to war with other nations, but at least we can
strive with other nations to encourage the kind of peace that will
lighten the troubles of the world, and by so doing help our own
nation as well.

I ask that all of us everywhere think things through with the single
aim of how best to serve the future of our own nation. I do not mean
merely its future relationship with the outside world. I mean its
domestic future as well--the work, the security, the prosperity, the
happiness, the life of all the boys and girls in the United States,
as they are inevitably affected by such world relationships. For it
becomes clearer and clearer that the future world will be a shabby
and dangerous place to live in--yes, even for Americans to live
in--if it is ruled by force in the hands of a few.

Already the crash of swiftly moving events over the earth has made us
all think with a longer view. Fortunately, that thinking cannot be
controlled by partisanship. The time is long past when any political
party or any particular group can curry or capture public favor by
labeling itself the "peace party" or the "peace bloc." That label
belongs to the whole United States and to every right thinking man,
woman and child within it.

For out of all the military and diplomatic turmoil, out of all the
propaganda, and counter-propaganda of the present conflicts, there
are two facts which stand out, and which the whole world
acknowledges.

The first is that never before has the Government of the United
States of America done so much as in our recent past to establish and
maintain the policy of the Good Neighbor with its sister nations.

The second is that in almost every nation in the world today there is
a true public belief that the United States has been, and will
continue to be, a potent and active factor in seeking the
reestablishment of world peace.

In these recent years we have had a clean record of peace and
good-will. It is an open book that cannot be twisted or defamed. It
is a record that must be continued and enlarged.

So I hope that Americans everywhere will work out for themselves the
several alternatives which lie before world civilization, which
necessarily includes our own.

We must look ahead and see the possibilities for our children if the
rest of the world comes to be dominated by concentrated force
alone--even though today we are a very great and a very powerful
nation.

We must look ahead and see the effect on our own future if all the
small nations of the world have their independence snatched from them
or become mere appendages to relatively vast and powerful military
systems.

We must look ahead and see the kind of lives our children would have
to lead if a large part of the rest of the world were compelled to
worship a god imposed by a military ruler, or were forbidden to
worship God at all; if the rest of the world were forbidden to read
and hear the facts--the daily news of their own and other nations--if
they were deprived of the truth that makes men free.

We must look ahead and see the effect on our future generations if
world trade is controlled by any nation or group of nations which
sets up that control through military force.

It is, of course, true that the record of past centuries includes
destruction of many small nations, the enslavement of peoples, and
the building of empires on the foundation of force. But wholly apart
from the greater international morality which we seek today, we
recognize the practical fact that with modern weapons and modern
conditions, modern man can no longer lead a civilized life if we are
to go back to the practice of wars and conquests of the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.

Summing up this need of looking ahead, and in words of common sense
and good American citizenship. I hope that we shall have fewer
American ostriches in our midst. It is not good for the ultimate
health of ostriches to bury their heads in the sand.

Only an ostrich would look upon these wars through the eyes of
cynicism or ridicule.

Of course, the peoples of other nations have the right to choose
their own form of Government. But we in this nation still believe
that such choice should be predicated on certain freedoms which we
think are essential everywhere. We know that we ourselves shall never
be wholly safe at home unless other governments recognize such
freedoms.

Twenty-one American Republics, expressing the will of two hundred and
fifty million people to preserve peace and freedom in this Hemisphere,
are displaying a unanimity of ideals and practical relationships which
gives hope that what is being done here can be done on other
continents. We in all the Americas are coming to the realization that
we can retain our respective nationalities without, at the same time,
threatening the national existence of our neighbors.

Such truly friendly relationships, for example, permit us to follow
our own domestic policies with reference to our agricultural
products, while at the same time we have the privilege of trying to
work out mutual assistance arrangements for a world distribution of
world agricultural surpluses.

And we have been able to apply the same simple principle to many
manufactured products--surpluses of which must be sold in the world
export markets if we intend to continue a high level of production
and employment.

For many years after the World War blind economic selfishness in most
countries, including our own, resulted in a destructive mine-field of
trade restrictions which blocked the channels of commerce among
nations. Indeed, this policy was one of the contributing causes of
existing wars. It dammed up vast unsalable surpluses, helping to
bring about unemployment and suffering in the United States and
everywhere else.

To point the way to break up that log-jam our Trade Agreements Act
was passed--based upon a policy of equality of treatment among
nations and of mutually profitable arrangements of trade.

It is not correct to infer that legislative powers have been
transferred from the Congress to the Executive Branch of the
Government. Everyone recognizes that general tariff legislation is a
Congressional function; but we know that, because of the stupendous
task involved in the fashioning and the passing of a general tariff
law, it is advisable to provide at times of emergency some
flexibility to make the general law adjustable to quickly changing
conditions.

We are in such a time today. Our present trade agreement method
provides a temporary flexibility and is, therefore, practical in the
best sense. It should be kept alive to serve our trade
interests--agricultural and industrial--in many valuable ways during
the existing wars.

But what is more important, the Trade Agreements Act should be
extended as an indispensable part of the foundation of any stable and
enduring peace.

The old conditions of world trade made for no enduring peace; and
when the time comes, the United States must use its influence to open
up the trade channels of the world, in all nations, in order that no
one nation need feel compelled in later days to seek by force of arms
what it can well gain by peaceful conference. For that purpose, too,
we need the Trade Agreements Act even more today than when it was
passed.

I emphasize the leadership which this nation can take when the time
comes for a renewal of world peace. Such an influence will be greatly
weakened if this Government becomes a dog in the manger of trade
selfishness.

The first President of the United States warned us against entangling
foreign alliances. The present President of the United States
subscribes to and follows that precept.

I hope that most of you will agree that trade cooperation with the
rest of the world does not violate that precept in any way.

Even as through these trade agreements we prepare to cooperate in a
world that wants peace, we must likewise be prepared to take care of
ourselves if the world cannot attain peace.

For several years past we have been compelled to strengthen our own
national defense. That has created a very large portion of our
Treasury deficits. This year in the light of continuing world
uncertainty, I am asking the Congress for Army and Navy increases
which are based not on panic but on common sense. They are not as
great as enthusiastic alarmists seek. They are not as small as
unrealistic persons claiming superior private information would
demand.

As will appear in the annual budget tomorrow, the only important
increase in any part of the budget is the estimate for national
defense. Practically all other important items show a reduction. But
you know, you can't eat your cake and have it too. Therefore, in the
hope that we can continue in these days of increasing economic
prosperity to reduce the Federal deficit, I am asking the Congress to
levy sufficient additional taxes to meet the emergency spending for
national defense.

Behind the Army and Navy, of course, lies our ultimate line of
defense--"the general welfare" of our people. We cannot report,
despite all the progress that we have made in our domestic
problems--despite the fact that production is back to 1929
levels--that all our problems are solved. The fact of unemployment of
millions of men and women remains a symptom of a number of
difficulties in our economic system not yet adjusted.

While the number of the unemployed has decreased very greatly, while
their immediate needs for food and clothing--as far as the Federal
Government is concerned--have been largely met, while their morale
has been kept alive by giving them useful public work, we have not
yet found a way to employ the surplus of our labor which the
efficiency of our industrial processes has created.

We refuse the European solution of using the unemployed to build up
excessive armaments which eventually result in dictatorships and war.
We encourage an American way--through an increase of national income
which is the only way we can be sure will take up the slack. Much
progress has been made; much remains to be done.

We recognize that we must find an answer in terms of work and
opportunity.

The unemployment problem today has become very definitely a problem
of youth as well as of age. As each year has gone by hundreds of
thousands of boys and girls have come of working age. They now form
an army of unused youth. They must be an especial concern of
democratic Government.

We must continue, above all things, to look for a solution of their
special problem. For they, looking ahead to life, are entitled to
action on our part and not merely to admonitions of optimism or
lectures on economic laws.

Some in our midst have sought to instill a feeling of fear and
defeatism in the minds of the American people about this problem.

To face the task of finding jobs faster than invention can take them
away--is not defeatism. To warble easy platitudes that if we would
only go back to ways that have failed, everything would be all
right--is not courage.

In 1933 we met a problem of real fear and real defeatism. We faced
the facts--with action and not with words alone.

The American people will reject the doctrine of fear, confident that
in the 'thirties we have been building soundly a new order of things,
different from the order of the 'twenties. In this dawn of the decade
of the 'forties, with our program of social improvement started, we
will continue to carry on the processes of recovery, so as to
preserve our gains and provide jobs at living wages.

There are, of course, many other items of great public interest which
could be enumerated in this message--the continued conservation of our
natural resources, the improvement of health and of education, the
extension of social security to larger groups, the freeing of large
areas from restricted transportation discriminations, the extension
of the merit system and many others.

Our continued progress in the social and economic field is important
not only for the significance of each part of it but for the total
effect which our program of domestic betterment has upon that most
valuable asset of a nation in dangerous times--its national unity.

The permanent security of America in the present crisis does not lie
in armed force alone. What we face is a set of world-wide forces of
disintegration--vicious, ruthless, destructive of all the moral,
religious and political standards which mankind, after centuries of
struggle, has come to cherish most.

In these moral values, in these forces which have made our nation
great, we must actively and practically reassert our faith.

These words--"national unity"--must not be allowed to be come merely
a high-sounding phrase, a vague generality, a pious hope, to which
everyone can give lip-service. They must be made to have real meaning
in terms of the daily thoughts and acts of every man, woman and child
in our land during the coming year and during the years that lie
ahead.

For national unity is, in a very real and a very deep sense, the
fundamental safeguard of all democracy.

Doctrines that set group against group, faith against faith, race
against race, class against class, fanning the fires of hatred in men
too despondent, too desperate to think for themselves, were used as
rabble-rousing slogans on which dictators could ride to power. And
once in power they could saddle their tyrannies on whole nations and
on their weaker neighbors.

This is the danger to which we in America must begin to be more
alert. For the apologists for foreign aggressors, and equally those
selfish and partisan groups at home who wrap themselves in a false
mantle of Americanism to promote their own economic, financial or
political advantage, are now trying European tricks upon us, seeking
to muddy the stream of our national thinking, weakening us in the
face of danger, by trying to set our own people to fighting among
themselves. Such tactics are what have helped to plunge Europe into
war. We must combat them, as we would the plague, if American
integrity and American security are to be preserved. We cannot afford
to face the future as a disunited people.

We must as a united people keep ablaze on this continent the flames
of human liberty, of reason, of democracy and of fair play as living
things to be preserved for the better world that is to come.

Overstatement, bitterness, vituperation, and the beating of drums
have contributed mightily to ill-feeling and wars between nations. If
these unnecessary and unpleasant actions are harmful in the
international field, if they have hurt in other parts of the world,
they are also harmful in the domestic scene. Peace among ourselves
would seem to have some of the advantage of peace between us and
other nations. In the long run history amply demonstrates that angry
controversy surely wins less than calm discussion.

In the spirit, therefore, of a greater unselfishness, recognizing
that the world--including the United States of America--passes
through perilous times, I am very hopeful that the closing session of
the Seventy-sixth Congress will consider the needs of the nation and
of humanity with calmness, with tolerance and with cooperative
wisdom.

May the year 1940 be pointed to by our children as another period
when democracy justified its existence as the best instrument of
government yet devised by mankind.